Shimla dairy products free essay sample

Shimla dairy items was a multi year old privately-run company transformed into restricted organization, which fabricates a wide assortment of cheddar and different items (counting ghee, spread and prepared cheddar). It makes and sells around 29 assortments of cheddar. The organization at present has two plants with an all out limit of 10000 liters of milk handling. Shimla dairy had been encountering a development of 15-20% in deals per annum rather than 7-8% development for the other cheddar producing organizations in the market. Authorized by the legislature as a food producer, Shimla is moving in the direction of being ISO 9002 certify and ensured with HACCP. Shimla sold its cheddar in significant Indian urban areas of New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Bangalore and Hyderabad. It had as of late stretched out its tasks to the urban areas of Ahmedabad, Kolkata and Goa. The significant client for Shimla is the lodging business (Five-star and the mid-low end) which contributes for about 46% of its income. Others incorporate cafés (20%), Retailers (17%) and Pizza chains (17%). We will compose a custom exposition test on Shimla dairy items or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It additionally produces deals through merchants , with a couple of wholesalers in every city. These wholesalers had elite rights for the city and provided to inns, eateries and retail outlets. Shimla dairy has achieved scarcely any operational changes, such as acquainting a night move with guarantee higher caliber of milk. Likewise, the testing for microscopic organisms, yeast and molds has been improved. Contrasted with its rivals Shimla dairy has an exceptionally low plant limit and this has lead to the loss of hardly any agreements by the organization. Inspite of all these, Shimla had been confronting a couple of issues and is watching out on approaches to improve its deals. Barely any inquiries, which they are thinking about are would it be a good idea for it to investigate a specific specialty (high or low end cheddar)? , which zone to focus on? How to showcase its items better? Should the creation offices be extended? How to make more brand mindfulness? To break down the company’s position better , the qualities and shortcomings of Shimla dairy are investigated . Quality and Weakness investigation (Shimla Dairy): Strengths: * High quality item/s * High deals improvement * High development in deals (15-20%) * Wide assortment of items * Huge accentuation given on the nature of the item Weaknesses: Limited preparing limit when contrasted with contenders. Area of the handling plant at a high elevation makes transportation costlier. * Direct deals just to scarcely any stores and bread shops * Distributors had the elite rights for those specific city deals. * Heavy dependence on banks for working capital * Zero percent income was utilized for promoting reason. * Too numerous assortments , considering the plant limit * Product review because of imperfection away conditions or issue in travel, which added an extra expense to the organization. Outer Environment Analysis: Cheese Industry in INDIA Up to this point cheddar advertise in India was in outset however was presently ready into a development stage. 10 years prior cheddar was a genuinely new item to Indian market. In any case, with around 1. 2 billion youthful, developing populace and the developing want for western style nourishments and expanding infiltration into the Indian market, Cheese has developed quickly in India. The marked cheddar showcase was assessed to be 9000 tons for every annum esteemed at 1. 8 billion. Moreover, Indian dairy part is relied upon to significantly increase its creation in the following 10 years. The expansion is relied upon to reflect in the cheddar business as well. Additionally, India is the least cost maker of milk on the planet. The market scene in India demonstrates it to be good for remote interest in the part. Cheddar industry in India isn't profoundly directed. Anyway Government was relied upon to achieve a strategy that non guaranteed cheddar will not be sold. Cheddar was basically devoured in urban zones. Rivalry : The opposition in cheddar industry, particularly the low end cheddar is furious. Numerous universal brands entered the market. Furthermore there are numerous new contestants into the market like Amul, Britannia, Vadilal, Verka, Nandini, Dynamix and so on. The passage of the new players and expanded showcasing movement was required to extend the market. Fully expecting development, a large portion of the significant players were growing their creation capacities. These organizations presented tuff rivalry to Shimla Dairy. To comprehend the economic situation better, after is the chances and danger examination. Opportunity and Threat examination: Opportunity: * Focus on South Indian eatery fragment as utilization is higher contrasted with North. * Can investigate the pizza chains fragment Increase the handling limit, henceforth pulling in progressively huge scope clients * Milk, which is the significant crude material, is accessible at most minimal cost. Expanding consciousness of cheddar and its assortments * Increasing readiness of individuals to investigate new western-style taste * More and more assortments of cheddar being presented. Dangers: * The milk yield per bovine is on the diminishing side * Fierce rivalry, subsequently constraining the overall revenues * No guideline by the administration in this way generating new participants in low end cheddar territory. * Lack of hotspots for assets to expand the creation limit.

The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay

The paper attempts to give an infiltration about the rejection of the unseeable populace in Mumbai by an impossible to miss health system executed in the territory of Maharashtra. The paper other than features a portion of the issues looked by this impossible to miss bunch from the experience of the field as a student cultural specialist The main proclamation of this paper is the utilization of explicit gauges in setting donees for the system which is as of now begging to be proven wrong and has been challenged by numerous scholarly people in India consequently with the exception of justifying donees which is past the reason an open help province.Introductionâ€Å" Welfare area is a build of experts where the territory plays a cardinal capacity in the assurance and exposure of the monetary and cultural prosperity of its residents. It depends on the guidelines of fairness of possibility, only circulation of riches, and open obligation for those incapable to profit themselves of the b ase commissariats for a decent life † ( Beginnings: hypertext move convention:/www.britannica.com ) . â€Å" The Encyclopedia of Social Sciences depicts an open help area as a region which takes up the obligation to gracefully an insignificant standard of means to its residents. Along these lines, in an open help region, the removal goes into financial, political, cultural and instructive existence of people. What's more, it offers types of assistance to people, directly from a man ‘s birth to expire † ( Social Welfare Administration: Concept, Nature and Scope, moodle.tiss.edu ) . In an open help region, the area takes the obligation to work the matured, sick, vagrants, widows, vulnerable, abused and the impaired individuals at whatever point they are popular of administrations. As an open help region the territory executes grouped open help methodologies for the residents at huge. The open help region commonly incorporates stipulation of wellbeing administrations , essential guidance, and housing ( in certain cases requiring little to no effort or for nothing out of pocket ) and so forth for the people at large. At the point when we talk about an open help region, the arrangements are comprehensive of Torahs, order, and arranging in the Fieldss of business, income improvement, cultural protection and cultural guide and populace strategy and so on. The cutting edge use of the term open help area is combined with the wide-running strides of cultural protection received in 1948 by Britain on the balance of the investigation on Social Insurance and Allied ServicesA ( 1942 ) . In the twentieth century, as the previous develop of the latent individualistic region was consistently relinquished, pretty much all areas ( in the western states ) tried to flexibly probably a portion of the means of cultural protection related with the principles of open help territory. In this way, in the United States thought of theA † New Deal † An of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and theA † Fair Deal † An of President Harry S. Truman, and a major segment of the residential plans of ulterior presidents depended on the guidelines of the open help region ( Beginnings: hypertext move convention:/www.britannica.com ) . During the clasp of British guideline in India, from the mid nineteenth century till India ‘s independency, the government assistance political circle of India has seen the arrangement of an extraordinary exchange of cultural movements, established from discernable, and forcefully isolated cultural classes like the actors and, along these lines on, otherworldly networks of that cut who angrily restricted the dynamic bullying area of cultural individual businesss ( Aspalter 2003 ) . In spite of the fact that it was too much ahead of schedule to accept about cultural security programs and other important cultural approach ventures, during the British guideline in India, the Government established a progression of cultural arrangement rule law which concentrated essentially on the lessening of cultural diswelfare rather than the build of new signifiers of open help plans and statutes ( Aspalter 2003 ) . During that cut Social rule law, focused on the stoping of unsafe cultural exa mples and cultural imbalances, designs like child marriage, impediment on widow rhenium marriage, cast based bias and so on. By introducing the primary cultural security rule law of present day India, Workmen ‘s Compensation Act 1923 the Indian cultural security framework made the first of import measure in method of a prominent open help framework. The demonstration has stipulation for pay for mishaps taking to perish, or whole or halfway incapacity for more than three yearss, if the mishap happened in the class of business, remuneration for word related malady and so forth ( Chowdhry 1985, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp. 156-157 ) . The period following the divider, the Indian specialists passed a progression of new Torahs regarding work and cultural open help, even before the activity of the new major law in 1950 ( Goel and Jain 1988, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp 169-160 ) . After 1950, the Indian specialists of India embraced numerous endeavors in the field of cultural security ( Aspalter 2003 ) , â€Å" Over the mature ages the specialists built up, in add-on, ailment protection, an annuity program, pregnancy benefits, specific disablement benefits, hospital leave, an efficiency connected fillip technique, arranged declines of housing, power, and H2O rates, a store connected protection procedure ( which capacities like a disaster protection ) , and passing cum-retirement tip for Cardinal Government representatives. Representatives of open segment ventures and other autonomous associations may pick up from Employees State Insurance, Employees Family Pension Scheme, dwelling benefits, specific cultural guide methodologies for impeded people, widows, subordinate children, and so forth † ( Aspalter 2003 ) . Till now India has seen arranged procedures, approaches, mandates and resolution laws and so on focused on the open help of its residents, the solitary request remains is that how the territory has had the option to transform this strategies into world, comprehensive of all residents of the state especially the minimal ‘s. The ulterior segment of this paper will try to basically observe a wellbeing procedure propelled in the State of Maharashtra implied of the more unfortunate development of the general public which targets providing free health systems to BPL family units. It will be primarily founded on unrecorded experience from the Fieldss as a student Social Worker.Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana ( RGJAY )The Maharashtra specialists propelled the Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayi Arogya Yojana on eighteenth December 2011 with the reason to empower family units with one-year salary of not as much as Rs. 1 million rupees to profit free clinical establishments meriting Rs. 1.5 m illion. The Maharashtra region Health Minister Suresh Shetty declared that said procedure, when to the full executed, would benefit near 2.5 billion family units ( The Hindu, 19 Dec. 2011 ) . The technique will be executed all through the region of Maharashtra in staged mode for a time of 3 mature ages. The system covers an eight area of the territory rock dirt now ( Gadchiroli, Amravati, Nanded, Sholapur, Dhule, Raigad, Mumbai and Suburbs ) . The methodology is planned for bettering clinical dish establishment for both BPL and APL family units which will in twist upgrade the nature of clinical consideration regarding BPL and APL families. The donees will each obtain a wellbeing protection approach and the EMIs of which will be paid by the State specialists. The system will broaden quality clinical consideration for distinguished strong point administrations, requiring hospitalization for medical procedures and treatments or crowds, through a recognized snare of health consideration providers. The Scheme will gracefully inclusion for run intoing all disbursals partner to hospitalization of the recipient up to Rs. 1, 50,000/ - per family unit per twelvemonth in any of the Empanelled Hospital subject to Box Ratess on cashless balance through Health cards or legitimate Orange/Yellow Ration Card. The advantage will be accessible to every single individual from the family unit on floater balance for example the whole one-year i nclusion of 1.5 million rupees can be benefited by one individual or together by all individuals from the family unit. The Scheme will take care of the full expense of mediation of the patient from day of the long stretch of portraying to his release from hospital including confusions assuming any, doing the managing really cashless to the patient. If there should be an occurrence of perish, the traveler vehicle of dead natural structure from web clinic to the town/township would other than be bit of group. The Network Hospitals will other than flexibly free follow-up crowd, nosologies, and clinical fortes under the technique up to 10 yearss from the day of the period of release. A When the recipient visits the chose web hospital and administrations of chose web clinic, blending to the procedure will be made accessible ( Capable to handiness of beds ) . In the event of non-handiness of beds at web hospital, the establishment of cross referral to closest another Network clinic is to be made accessible and Arogyamitra ( the staff covering with the said technique in a web clinic ) will other than flexibly the donee with the rundown of close by web hospitals. Every qualified family unit in the upheld domains will be given Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Health Cards however this has non actualized entirely till now. For the clasp being till the issue of wellbeing cards, the substantial Orange/Yellow Ration Card with Aadhaar figure or, any Photo ID card of recipient ( if Aadhaar figure is non accessible ) given by Government departments ( Driving License, Election ID, ) to connect the patient name and presentation is acknowledged in stead of health card to profit the advantages by a donee. The Health Cards to be given will be utilized for the expectation of putting recipient families in the family under the said Scheme. The Family Health Cards will be given by utilizi

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success A lot of people nowadays are hiring life coaches to provide them with accountability and structure in creating a fulfilling life. It’s easy to get complacent, and we are often not our own best coaches. But not everyone can afford a life coach, and even those who can might get coaching for a year then go back to being “self-coached.” In this month’s Success Magazine, an inspiring article about self-coaching (Be Your Own Life Coach) offered two exercises that will help you coach yourselfâ€"if you put them into action, of course. Both options were suggested by coach Marshall Goldsmith, Ph.D. Option #1: Did I do my best to… Here’s the first exercise: Ask yourself each day: Did I do my best to… Set clear goals? Make progress toward goal achievement? Be happy? Find meaning? Build positive relationships? Be fully engaged? When I read this list, I liked it so much that I put it on my calendar to complete at 9pm every night. I am on day 3 and grateful for the ritual! I have shared the exercise with friends as well, and they have enjoyed going through the list for themselves at the end of a day. I encourage you to join me and try answering these questions every day for two weeks. At the end of those two weeks, ask yourself in how many areas you are seeing improvement. I’d love to hear a report! Option #2: Daily Question Process With this exercise, your first project is to come up with 20 to 30 questions relating to your goals and who you want to be. The questions must have either yes/no or number answers. Keep them short and easily answered. And spin them toward the positive! For instance, “How much do I weigh?” “How many minutes did I meditate today?” “Did I treat my employees well?” “Did I make time to spend with my family?” (You would not write questions like, “Did I eat too much today?” “Was I stressed out?” Notice how much your energy dropped just reading those questions!) Put your positively-framed questions in the first column of a spreadsheet, then write the days of the week in the next 6 columns. Although not specified in the description offered, I would put a final column for a rating of your quality of life for the week, with a scale from 1 to 10 (I can’t bring myself to suggest a 0 as another person suggested in describing a self-coaching journal!) Once you create your spreadsheet for the week, you will have a scorecard that will reveal, over time, what activities lead you toward fulfillment and the life you want. Of course you can change your questions over time as you meet certain goals and have others change. Here’s the rub… If you were hoping there would be a self-coaching technique that would not require your thinking or writing about something every day, I’m afraid you’re out of luck. As much as I wish I could have a single thought and change my life, I must accept that it’s daily check-ins and accountability that truly create change. Since human beings are notoriously unaccountable to ourselves, I suggest putting a system into place and having someone to whom you report on your daily self-coaching activities. I put my “Did I do my best to…” exercise on my calendar, and I have a friend I talk to at least once/week about how I’m doing. Consider creating a dinner-time ritual with your family to discuss how you’re doing, or even a check-in at the office! You can create a life-coaching group for yourself! There are many possibilities of how to stay honest as you take on self-coaching. What are your ideas of how to do this? Will you take on one of the exercises offered here? Please share below!

The Birth Of Modernism And Modern Art - 1157 Words

Ha Lim (Sally) Lee Term 3 / Fall 15’ Intro to Modernism Daniel Spaulding Paper #2 â€Å"Modern painting, breaking through old conversation, has released countless suggestions which are still waiting to be used by the practical world.†(Gropius) The birth of modernism and modern art goes back to the Industrial Revolution, a period that lasted from the 18th to the 19th century, in which rapid changes in manufacturing, transportation, and technology profoundly affected the social, economic, and cultural conditions of life in Western Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Before the 19th century, artists created art pieces for wealthy people and institution places like the church where they can create art works about storytelling of religious or mythological scenes . These arts were there to instruct the viewers.However, this changed when during the 19th century many artists began to create works that were about people, places, or ideas that interested them, and of which they had direct experience. With the popularization of the idea of a subconscious mind, many artists began exploring dreams, symbolism, and personal iconography as avenues for the depiction of their subjective experiences.Challenging the notion that art must realistically depict the world, some artists experimented with the expressive use of color, non-traditional materials, and new techniques and mediums. The Bauhaus was created by Walter Gropius in the city of Weimar. He was a German architectShow MoreRelatedPostmodernism : What Is Post Modernism?1389 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Post-Modernism? 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Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times

INTRODUCTION Utilitarianism is the assumption that human beings act in a way that highlights their own self interest. It is based on factuality and leaves little room for imagination. Utilitarianism dominated as the form of government in Englands Victorian age of eighteenth century. Utilitarianism, as rightly claimed by Dickens, robbed the people of their individuality and joy; deprived the children of their special period of their lives, Childhood and deprived women of their inherent right of equality. The theme of utilitarianism, along with industrialization and education is explored by Charles Dickens, in his novel Hard Times.. Hard Times written in those times intended to explore its negativisms. Utilitarianism as a government was†¦show more content†¦One has to wonder how different the story would be if Gradgrind did not run the school. How can you give a utilitarian man such as Gradgrind such power over a town? I do like how Dickens structures the book to make one ask obvious quest ions such as these. Dickens does not tell us much about the success of the other students of the school besides Bitzer, who is fairly successful on paper, but does not have the capacity as a person to deal with life’s everyday struggles. Gradgrinds two oldest children, Tom and Louisa, are examples of how this utilitarian method failed miserably. These children were never given the opportunity to think for themselves, experience fun things in life, or even use their imaginations. True, they are smart people in the factual sense but do not have the street smarts to survive. Tom is a young man who, so fed up with his father’s strictness and repetition, revolts against him and leaves home to work in Mr. Bounderby’s bank. Tom, now out from under his fathers wing, he begins to drink and gamble heavily. Eventually, to get out of a deep gambling debt, he robs a bank and is forced to flee the area. When Bitzer realizes that Tom has robbed the bank and catches him, Mr. Gr adgrind begs him to let Tom go, reminding him of all of the hard work that was put on him while at the school. Ironically Bitzer,

Michael Jackson Biography Free Essays

Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson was born on 29 August 1958 in Gary, Indiana, USA. His father was Joe Jackson. His mother was Katherine Jackson. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Jackson Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now His siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael, Rebbie, La Toya, Randy, and Janet Jackson. American superstar Michael Jackson has entertained audiences his entire life. In the early 1960s, the older boys Jackie, Tito and Jermaine had begun performing around the city; by 1964, Michael and Marlon had joined in. Michael’s singing and dancing talents were amazingly mature, and he soon became the dominant voice and focus of The Jackson 5. In 1969, the boys were producing back-to-back chart-busting hits as Motown artists (â€Å"I Want You Back,† â€Å"ABC,† â€Å"Never Can Say Goodbye,† â€Å"Got to Be There,† etc. ). Behind the scenes, Joseph Jackson pushed his sons to succeed. He was also reportedly known to become violent with them. Michael and his brothers spent endless hours rehearsing and polishing up their act. At first, the Jackson 5 played local gigs and built a strong following. They recorded one single on their own, â€Å"Big Boy† with the B-side â€Å"You’ve Changed,† but it failed to generate much interest. The Jackson 5 moved on to working an opening act for such R artists as Gladys Knight and the Pips, James Brown, and Sam and Dave. Many of these performers were signed to the legendary Motown record label, and it has been reported that Gladys Knight may have been the one to tell Motown founder Berry Gordy about the Jackson 5. Impressed by the group, Gordy signed them to his label in 1968. At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with â€Å"Got to Be There† from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson’s first solo No. 1 single. In August 1994, Jackson announced that he had married Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of rock icon Elvis Presley. The couple gave a joint television interview with Diane Sawyer, but the union proved to be short-lived. They divorced in 1996. Some thought that the marriage was a publicity ploy to restore Jackson’s image after the molestation allegations. Later that same year, Jackson wed Nurse Debbie Rowe. The couple had two children through artificial insemination. Son Prince Michael Jackson was born in 1997 and daughter Paris Michael Jackson was born in 1998. Rowe and Jackson divorced in 1999 with Jackson receiving full custody of their two children. He would go on to have a third child, Prince Michael Jackson II, with an unknown surrogate. In 2002, Jackson made headlines when he seemed confused and disoriented on stage at an MTV awards show. Soon after, he received enormous criticism for dangling his son, Prince Michael II, over a balcony while greeting fans in Berlin, Germany. In a later interview, Jackson explained that â€Å"We were waiting for thousands of fans down below, and they were chanting they wanted to see my child, so I was kind enough to let them see. I was doing something out of innocence. † But many were unforgiving of the star’s behaviour, with former fans and media outlets clamouring to have Child Protective Services take Jackson’s children from him. That is some information of the big list of accomplishments of Michael Jackson. By Doron Cassell How to cite Michael Jackson Biography, Papers

Products Differentiation and Wage Rates

Question: Discuss about the Products Differentiation and Wage Rates. Answer: Introduction There are four types of markets structure. It is important for the investor to understand each and every of these structures before making investment decisions. The four structures include; competitive market, monopolistic markets, oligopoly markets and the monopoly. While in some like the competitive markets, the influence on prices is limited, in others, the investor has complete control over the prices. Bain (1962) in his discussion on the barriers to entry noted three major categories (ignoring the legal exclusions). These categories were; the advantages of economies of scale, advantages of product differentiation and the advantages of absolute costs. Product differentiation is a term used to refer to a situation where a product is same as the other, but it has been enhanced to make customers perceive it as different from the other. The products are however not perfect substitutes. Waterson noted that product differentiation is an economic distance between products. Differentiate d products are perceived as unique and therefore are able to fetch higher prices in the market than in the initial form. Wage rate is in the real sense supposed to be determined by the demand and supply forces. However, in order to solve some other economic issues such as poverty eradication, political forces from the government are exerted on the wage rates. For instance, in order to alleviate poverty, the government sets a wage floor below which any employer should not compensate their employees. Product Differentiation and Market Structures The field competition for brands is more crowded than ever. It becomes difficult for consumers to make a decision on what products to buy when they are faced with too many product choices. They become overwhelmed and ends up walking away. This poses the rationale for the need of investors to introduce new ways to make their products stand out by making them unique. Customers perceive a unique product to be of a greater value. The primary goal of all investors in the market is to make significant profits by maximizing their products or service sales. Product differentiation answers the question; why should the consumers by what am selling and not buy from my competitors? Customers need a clear image of what a business is offering and its comparison with what the competitors are offering. Products that are not clearly defined poses some confusion to the customers and puts them off. If an investor goal of maximizing his wealth is to be achieved, a once-off expenditure on product differentiation is a necessary condition. If the differentiated products appeal to the target market, your brand gains a competitive advantage over all other closely related brands. In most cases especially in the competitive markets, the sellers compete in terms of the price of goods and services they offer. Thus, in a competitive market where the sellers are many, and the products are the same, product differentiation may have very little or no value. Welker (2016) noted that this strategy of product differentiation is only applicable and profitable to the markets with imperfect competition. In our case here, we are considering the application of non-price competition. This is as observed in the oligopoly markets, where the products produced are homogeneous. George, Joll, and Lynk (1992) noted that oligopolistic markets could compete by varying their products characteristics rather than altering their prices. It is, therefore, an important sales strategy. In an oligopolistic market, firms make decisions on the quality of the goods to be produced but is also faced with a challenge of competing firms providing a wide range of products that may limit its profit. However, successful migration to differentiated products induces a barrier to entry for new firms that may not be having the huge capital necessary to produce the differentiated products. It therefore raise the profits of the incumbent firm. It is also important for monopoly firms to keep new entrants completely out of the market. Barriers to entry places the industry in four general areas. First, is the blockaded entry, which allows the established firms to price at very high prices (monopoly prices) without allowing inducing new entrants into the market. Second, is the easy entry, which doesnt allow firms to raise their prices even slightly as new entrants will join the market. Third, is the ineffectively impeded entry, where profits is lower when firm operates at a price that doesnt induce entry; entry should be allowed if the firms were to maximize short term profits. Lastly, its the effectively impeded entry, where it is more profitable to operate at a price that doesnt prompt entry than when entry is induced by maximizing short run profits. The cost of production is bound to increase when firms are improving the quality of their products. The increase could either be on the fixed or the variable cost depending on the strategy taken for the improvement. If research and development is the picked strategy for improvement, its the fixed cost that will increase. However, if the improvement depends on highly priced raw materials, its the variable costs that will be raised. It is in the former group where natural oligopoly belongs where the increase in variable costs is slow with the product improvement. Product differentiation allows for the direct association of products with their manufacturer by the consumers; a strategy that benefits both the producers and the consumers. The major benefits to the producers is that it builds up goodwill and brand loyalty among its consumers. Consumers benefit in that the producing firm has to protect its reputation and maintain the improved quality products. The advantages of product differentiation include; the establishment of brands, company gaining some reputation, superior product design control, and favored distribution control Bain (1956). Wage Differentials The BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey defines wage as a straight-time gross pay. This includes any other incentive pay such as production bonuses, commissions and tips. The only pay not included in wage determination is premium pays and some other bonuses, for instance, profit-sharing payments. The variation in workers pay is shown by the percentile wages. Fig: Illustration of Percentile Wages and Wage Difference Source: https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm As shown in the illustration above, at the 10th percentile point, 10 % of the workers made less than $ 35,250, while 90 % made more than this. The median percentile is the point where half of the workers earned below $75,620, whereas the other half earned more than that. At the 90th percentile, 90 % of the workers earned below $ 141,210, whereas 10 % earned more than that. The wage difference is the difference between the low earners and the high earners. Torper noted that jobs are different from each other and that the skills brought to a job, and the abilities of the workers are unique. In the same occupation, these variations are responsible for the pay variations. The wage difference becomes bigger as these variations become more pronounced. The wage paid to workers in the same industry varies greatly. This is because their ability to work and their working effort varies. Some of the workers have spent many years in training institutions earning the skills they hold today. Most employers request for credentials before they offer someone a job opportunity. Those who lacks the credentials are considered fit for such a position. However, some job vacancies in many firms require people with fewer skills and are able to provide hard labor. Although these are the people who do the biggest proportion of the production activities, they receive the lowest wage rates. Wage differential also exists across occupations because of the supply and demand forces. In economies where the education level for its citizens is low, it means that the highest population wont be able to perform skilled tasks. Therefore, these people seek to be employed in the same areas. This raises their supply for labor, consequently enabling their employers to lower the wage rate. Experience is a major factor in wage differences. Workers who have been in the job for long are considered to have gained more experience and are thus more productive than the beginners. Beginners, therefore, earn less as compared to these experienced workers. Occupational wages vary by employer and industry. The reason why wages differ from one employment to the other is the training requirements, clientele, and diverse working conditions, among other reasons. Similar position descriptions are present in specific occupations. In every business, there ranks in the business operations. The heads of each business operation will earn more than those under his/her command. Also, workers could be holding similar positions, but the job assigned to them is different. Those in more complex jobs earn more. Geographical location also contributes to wage differential. Job occupation in some areas pays well than similar jobs in other areas. For instance, jobs in urban areas pays well than in the rural areas. There exist extreme competition for job occupations. Its only those who succeed and performs better earns more. This is especially when the pay is performance based. The type of institution also matters. For instance, teachers in private schools are said to earn more compared to those in public schools. Most human occupations are industrial specific. Industry specific experience does not attract wage gains (Sullivan, 2008). Occupational specific occupations attract a percentage increase in wages after the experience is gain within some given years. The major challenge facing the explanation of wage rate differential is that of categorizing the human capital skills accumulation process. Sullivan noted that skills are either transferable across all jobs or are firm specific, but not industry or occupation specific, arguing that its the overall labor market experience and employer tenure that determine wages. Kambourov and Manovskii (2007) posed a recent challenge by arguing that its the occupation tenure responsible for wage differential; controlling it leaves the firm and industry tenure with less effect. The empirical result of Sullivan estimation of the wage equation using instrumental variable approach tends to approve of the findings by Kambourov and Manovskii. According to Sunday and Pfuntner (2008), the other challenge in the explanation of wage differentials is that the conduciveness of data sources to studies within establishments is generally low. The unavailability of individual wage records to researchers makes it difficult for individual wage rates examination within occupations, establishments. The most important area where most economists rely on in the determination of wage differentials is the forces of supply and demand. However, this is contradicted with the presence of government intervention. Fig: Minimum Wage Legislation Implementation of a minimum wage legislation above the equilibrium prices benefits the low-income earners. This does, however, have an influence on the demand for labor. Employers willingness to employ is reduced with a minimum wage being set above equilibrium. Therefore, it can be noted that minimum wage distorts the functioning of the supply and demand forces. Conclusion Most consumers always consider a differentiated product to be more desirable. The increase in their desirability perception raises their demand for that product. Hence the business makes huge sales resulting in greater profits. Improvement on a product requires capital investment. Therefore, considering the potential benefits that would accrue from product differentiation, a once off expenditure is necessary as it will maximize the firms future profits. From all the information cited from various economists, it can be concluded that product differentiation is not profitable in any market structure. Its profitability is felt in the imperfectly competitive markets. Competitive markets thus have no need to implement this strategy. Wage differentials exist across and within occupations. In every occupation, there exist a great wage difference between its top and bottom earners. In order to carry out an effective comparison of the wage differentials, only the employed persons should be considered, since the wages of the self-employed vary greatly. In some occupations, human capital is primarily occupational specific while in others it is industry specific. Bibliography Aha.io. (2016). What is product differentiation? | Aha! [Online] Available at: https://www.aha.io/roadmapping/guide/product-strategy/what-is-product-differentiation [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Dean, T. (2016). New Venture Formations in United States Manufacturing. Milton: Taylor and Francis. George, K., Joll, C. and Lynk, E. (1992). Industrial organization. London: Routledge. Hajiha, F. (2016). Employment and Wages by Major Occupational Group and Industry. [Online] bls.gov. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/oes/major.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Kambourov, G. and Manovskii, I. (2007). Occupational mobility and wage inequality. Kelchner, L. (2016). The Advantages of a Product Differentiation Strategy. [Online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-product-differentiation-strategy-17691.html [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Piana, V. (2003). Product differentiation - a key concept in Economics and Management. [Online] Economicswebinstitute.org. Available at: https://www.economicswebinstitute.org/glossary/product.htm [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. Stuyck, J. (1983). Product Differentiation in Terms of Packaging Presentation, Advertising, Trade Marks, ETC. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Sullivan, P. (2008). Empirical evidence on occupation and industry specific human capital. Labour Economics, [online] 17(3), pp.567-580. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/pir/journal/sp03.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Sunday, K. and Pfuntner, J. (2008). How widely do wages vary within jobs in the same establishment? [Online] bls.gov. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/02/art2full.pdf [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. thismatter.com. (2016). Wage Differentials. [Online] Available at: https://thismatter.com/economics/wage-differentials.htm [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Torpey, E. (2016). Same occupation, different pay: How wages vary: Career Outlook: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Online] Bls.gov. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Waterson, M. (1984). Economic theory of the industry. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press. Welker, J. (2016). Product differentiation in imperfectly competitive markets the MacBook Wheel | Economics in Plain English. [Online] Welkerswikinomics.com. Available at: https://welkerswikinomics.com/blog/2009/01/28/product-differentiation-in-imperfectly-competitive-markets-the-macbook-wheel/ [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016]. WeizsaÃÅ'ˆcker, C. (1980). Barriers to Entry. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

A distinct advantage over traditional brick and mortar schools Essays

A distinct advantage over traditional brick and mortar schools Essays A distinct advantage over traditional brick and mortar schools Paper A distinct advantage over traditional brick and mortar schools Paper A distinct advantage over traditional brick and mortar schools LATA Language and Communication: Research western Governors university Online Learning: A Distinct Advantage Over Traditional Brick And Mortar Schools As the times change and technology advances, people need to look for new and better ways to apply this technology to their lives. This does not just apply to someones personal or business lives, this also can apply to the way individuals learn. Information Is stored and backed up on computers. While online learning Is the fastest growing segment of learning, this idea is not new. Distance learning began before computers and online classes. It started with correspondence schools, moved to audio books, tapes and videos. Students had little to no interaction with the Instructor or with other classmates (Miller, 2000). There were several Issues with this type of learning, mainly due to materials easily becoming outdated. This changed with the advent of the personal computer and later with the Introduction of the internet in 1994. While the internet initially originated to promote communication between academics, scientist and government organizations, It helped to pave the ay for a new way to deliver education (Miller, 2000). This turned into online learning. This new way of learning has caught on in many households around the world. Traditional brick and mortar schools. They are the following: What technological benefits that a person can come away with after completing an online degree? ; How does online learning offer more flexibility to the learner compared to a brick and mortar school? In what ways are online learning programs more cost effective than a brick and mortar school? With the discussion of these topics this will show that experts agree that online learning is a better learning forum than brick and mortar schools because they utilize the latest technologies, offer flexible learning to a wide variety of people and offer a lower cost solution to valuable degrees. This paper will look at the three factors that support online learning as a better format than brick and mortar schools. Technological Benefits Online learning uses the latest technologies to provide the student with practical knowledge they can use after they have completed their degree. Online education is a microcosm of business practices and prepares the students for the real world Macmillan, 2010). Online school programs help the students gain the knowledge they will need for when they are completed with their degree and enter the business world. They take real experiences from companies and teach based on them. Online programs require the learner to use several programs, maintain files and utilize email and other programs to turn in coursework. All of that coursework is distributed online either through email or websites. The internet also provides access to several tools to aid the learner in completing the required coursework. The traditional brick and mortar schools use text books and examples, whereas online schools use the current technology and focus on student experiences. Online business courses allow teachers and students to utilize the same processes as companies when it comes to the use of computers and the internet, as well as communication, teamwork, self-direction and meeting deadlines from a distance. (Macmillan, 2010). Online learning teaches the student how to multi-task unlike a traditional college setting. The benefits of online education helps the students gain perspective on here they fit into the world and keeps their learning relevant and rigorous (Macmillan, 2010). Online learning prepares students to work in groups, which encourages team building, independent learning and accountability of the stude nts (Lie Ruby, 2008). Online group projects keep the student interacting with each other. Everyone needs to work together, find times coordinate online, and get their part done. This way of team building is similar to a company setting. Employees are busy with their own tasks and sometimes work needs to be done by email, phone, or internet. Not all projects can be completed in person. In the traditional learning experience, textbooks and manuals simply offer fact after fact with occasional static illustrations. Interactive online learning enhances that experience and brings education too more engaging level for the learner (Wendell, 2002). Online learning supports three types of learning experiences, expository instruction (digital devices transmit knowledge), active learning (the learner builds knowledge through online drills, simulations and games), and interactive learning (the learner builds knowledge through interaction with others) (US Department of Education, 2010). Online learning also requires the learner to be focused in learning; there could be distractions in the home that can cause the student to lose focus when learning. The majority of the individuals have full time Jobs or families. These students look at college as an education and not a social experience. Some of the online students go back to school to get career advancement, higher pay, or even for personal growth. Whereas the traditional brick and mortar has students with an average age of 18 21 and can be more focused on their social life. These students get pressure from their parents to tend and can are likely to attend parties, sporting events and even Join a Fraternity or Sorority. They also lack the discipline for time and financial budgeting. Many students rely on their parents for financial support during college. Online learners demonstrate particular ambition and resourcefulness especially when balancing work and family, life that can be an asset in the work place. As the years go on, technology grows and develops. A little over twenty years ago computers were Just starting to Join the household and today it is very common to have many computers with other advanced technology. The explosion of technology has made teaching outside the classroom possible for the learners with easy access to course material (Lie Ruby, 2008). Teachers are able to use the latest technology in their virtual classes, with Just the click of a button a new experience appears. More students are choosing the choice of online learning everyday due to the use of technology that it uses and the convenience that it has. Unlike traditional classrooms where immediate verbal and non-verbal feedback can be given to the entire class, teachers of online programs recognize the significance of offering prompt feedback on dents assignments and questions (Lie Ruby, 2008). If a student has questions online, the teacher is able to respond quickly, compared to a brick and mortar school where the student might have to wait until the next class to ask the question. Even though educators utilize technology in the delivery of online education, those educators have to remain focused on the instructional outcomes not Just the form of delivery. Flexibility The flexibility of online learning allows individuals from varied backgrounds and experiences opportunities to attend school on their own schedules. Not only is there legibility for the students but also for the institutions they attend. Many people have found that an online education is able to fit their lifestyle better. Online education appeals to employees who otherwise could not pursue higher education due to time or geographic constraints. (Merrimac, 2006). Online education allows the employees flexibility to choose a major that might not be available in their local geographic area (Merrimac, 2006). Instead of driving 3 hours to a school, that has a major of ones choice, one is able to get online and not leave the area of their home and major in he area they want to study. This not only saves time for the student, but also money for gas and any car maintenance. An online school lets you attend class anytime be it lunchtime, at home with your kids, or even traveling on vacation (Merrimac, 2006). A student is now able to have a family vacation and go to school at the same time. This would not be able to happen in a traditional brick and mortar school. One would have to take time off school to have a family vacation. Online schools are very convenient for their students. Online method of teaching allows the student to main access to the syllabus, course assignments, scoring guides, power point presentations and other important documents 24 hours a day 7 days a week (Lie times so they have better understanding of the course materials. A traditional brick and mortar school only allow the students to refer to their book or their notes for their class. They only have these two resources to help them through the course. They are not able to go back to a certain days lesson and look at the power point that was used for the day. By delivering flexible means of online education, this has increased the acceptance of online learning to businesses allowing for a better- educated workforce (Merrimac, 2006). More companies are allowing online education for their staff and encourage them to further their education because of the flexibility online schools offer. Employees can now attend school at any time as they are not constrained by their work schedule. The flexibility of online learning has sparked interest in the military. Soldiers in the military are able to attend college even if they are out at sea (Mullein, 2002). The military offers online learning to provide a program that soldiers need. With the amount of movement required by soldiers, all that is required is a laptop and internet connection to bring high quality education to the soldier. Everyone has their own experience when it comes to high education. In Germans 2004 article, students were asked questions regarding their experiences with online courses. Mr.. Irony responded the amount of homework was roughly the same for both online and traditional courses, the amount of class time spent online was minimal. He was able to go online for 15 minutes to see new material and reply to questions whereas in a traditional class he would have to stay en hour for the same information (Ackerman, 2004). The flexibility of online schooling is a great asset when students are deciding where to get an education. Cost Effective Online learning offers more cost effective solutions for not only the learner, but for businesses offering tuition assistance. Online schools are catering to businesses by offering a discounted tuition and customized programs to fit the needs of specific companies and industries (Merrimac, 2006). Companies are able to send their staff through school at a discounted rate and focused on the classes that they seem fit to heir industry. The processing of tuition reimbursement and admissions is often times easier for employees at online schools versus brick and mortar schools (Merrimac, 2006). This is Just another advantage of online schools. In a study performed in March of 2005, some of the most important reasons cited for online education were due to increasing employee satisfaction and retention (Merrimac, 2006). This has not only been effective for businesses but for the military as well. The online programs have been useful in not only recruiting efforts, but in also retaining soldiers for re-enlistment. In the same study 29% of corporate reimbursements go to online programs (Merrimac, 2006). This has increased over the years as more Universities have added more online classes to their curriculum and more students choose the online education. The technology used for online education can be cheaper than those in traditional brick and mortar schools. When a student has a class that involves a lab, online technology can create virtual laboratory simulations. This will be cheaper for the student and the school. The school will save money on supplies for the labs and the students are able to get the same lab experience online without the extra lab and commuting costs. The demand of online education allows institution to broaden their student body without building parking back on the amount of staff they would need for the online base versus traditional schools. More students are able to Join a well-known University without paying extra costs like a traditional student. A traditional students extra costs can consist of a meal plan, room and board, technology fees, lab fees, and even book costs. An online school provides the materials needed online and can cut hundreds of dollars for the student. These costs are cut because most students already have the necessary equipment required for successful completion of the courses, a personal computer and an internet connection. This is another reason students should choose online school over a traditional school. Conclusion Online schooling has an advantage over brick and mortar schools for many reasons. The technologies people learn during their classes can be applied to Jobs they receive after school. The students become more qualified going into positions with already having experience with the technology from their school. Next, flexibility of inline schooling is more appealing to a person than the traditional brick and mortar schools. A person is able to go to class while in their pajamas on their couch. Online classes is the only way a student does not have to miss a day of school and still go on their family vacation. A student is also able access all the forms and coursework needed at any time of the day. Flexibility of the class is an asset for the student. The student is able to go online for as long as they need to, be it 15 minutes or 2 hours. The last point is the cost savings the student and or company will have. Some cost paving are better for online schooling than brick and mortar. The usual fees off meal plan, room and board, technology fees, and book fees are not included for the online schools. This is leaving the costs for online schools to be only at a fraction off cost than traditional schools. Students can get the same education and spend the money saved on other items. Experts agree that online learning is a better learning forum than brick and mortar schools because they utilize the latest technologies, offer flexible learning to a wide variety of people and offer a lower cost solution to valuable degrees. Contain, W. W. (2003). Education into what it used to be.

How to Prepare for Private School Admissions Tests

How to Prepare for Private School Admissions Tests Unlike most public schools, not everyone who wants to attend, can. In fact, theres an application process, and as part of that process, most private schools require some kind of test for admission, particularly for the middle and upper grades. Independent day schools usually require the ISEE, or Independent School Entrance Exam, while boarding schools often require the SSAT, or Secondary School Admissions Test. Some schools will accept both, and still, others, have their own tests. For example, Catholic schools require different tests, such as the TACHs or the COOP or HSPT. But these entrance exams dont need to be stressful or be an obstacle to obtaining a private school education. Check out these general strategies to prepare for a private school admission test: Get a Test Prep Book Using a test prep book is a great way to get more familiar with the test itself. It gives you a chance to look over the structure of the test and get a sense of the sections that are required, which usually consist of reading, verbal reasoning (such as identifying the word that is synonymous, or the same as, the given word), and math or logic. Some tests also require a writing sample, and the test prep book will offer some prompts similar to what you might experience when you take it for real. The book will also help you get a sense of the format of the sections and the time allotted for each. While the various admission test organizations typically offer review books and practice tests that can be purchased. You may even be able to find online practice tests and sample questions for free. Take Timed Practice Tests Practice taking the test under simulated conditions, by giving yourself only as much time as the test allows. Be sure to pay attention to how you pace yourself on each section and note if you are taking too much time, or if you are rushing. Instead of getting hung up on one question, mark any question you are unsure about and go back to it when youve finished the other questions. This practice helps you get used to the environment in which the test will be given and prepare you to better manage your time and practice test-taking strategies. If you practice the entire test session, meaning, you simulate the full timed test experience, with breaks, it also helps you adjust to spending that much time sitting and working in one place. This lack of ability to get up and move around can be an adjustment for many students, and some truly need to practice sitting still and being quiet for that long.   Boost Your Weak Areas If you find that you are consistently getting certain types of test questions wrong, go back and correct those areas. For example, you may need to work on one area of math, such as fractions or percentages, or you may need to work on improving and expanding your vocabulary by making flash cards with the most commonly used vocabulary words on these tests, which are available in the test review books. Hire a Tutor if Necessary If you cannot boost your scores on your own, consider hiring a tutor or taking a test-prep course. Be sure that the tutor has experience preparing students for the test you are taking and do all the homework and practice tests that are part of the course to get the most out of it. Chances are, youre missing out on key strategies rather than needing to learn more, so a tutor who is skilled in the test itself is more important than a tutor experienced in English or math.   Read the Directions Carefully This seems obvious but is often an important strategy for test-taking success. Students often read the questions incorrectly or skip them completely, which may mean that even though they know the answers to the questions, they get them wrong. Its important to make sure you slow down and read the directions carefully and even underline KEY words such as EXCEPT or ONLY to make sure you are answering exactly what each question asks. Sometimes, there are hints right within the question itself! Get Ready for Test Day Know what you need for test day, including the proper identification and writing implements. And, dont forget to eat breakfast; you dont want a rumbling tummy distracting you (or people around you) during the test. Have the directions to your test site ready, and arrive early so that you can use the restroom and get settled in your seat. Be sure to also dress in layers, as temperatures in testing rooms can vary; its helpful to be able to add a sweater or coat if youre cold or remove your sweater or coat if the room is warm. Proper footwear can also be helpful, as cold toes when wearing flip flops could be a distraction if the room is cool. Once youre there and settled into your seat, be sure to familiarize yourself with the room. Know where the doors are, find the clock in the room, and get comfortable. When the test begins, be sure to listen carefully to the directions that the test proctor reads, and fill in the test sheet properly, as directed. Do not skip ahead! Wait for directions, as disobeying the instructions that are given could result in disqualifying you from the exam. During each section testing period, pay close attention to the time, and be sure to check that your test guide and answer sheet question numbers correspond. Bring snacks and water so that you can refresh yourself during breaks. Follow these guidelines, and youre sure to have a positive test-taking experience. If you dont you can always take the test more than once. Go online to the test organizations site to see how often you may take the exam, and if there are any restrictions you need to be aware of before you register for a second or third testing date. Good luck! Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Connection Journal about Mutualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Connection Journal about Mutualism - Essay Example Facultative mutualism is a relationship that exists between two species that depend and benefit from each other by living in close association. However, this two species do not need each other for survival. One species can live without the other but it isbeneficial when both species live together.A good example is the relationship that exists between the cleaner fish and the large fish. The cleaner fish feeds on small organisms and the parasites found on the bodies of larger fish. The larger fish in return is relieved of unwelcome guests which affects their body fitness.  Obligate mutualism, on the other hand, is a relationship that exists between two individuals that depend on each other for survival. Both species must live close to each other so that they can survive. A good example is the bees and the flowers. The bee must obtain nectar and propolis from the flowers so as to make honey and feed the colony. In return, the bee transfers pollen aiding in pollination thus reproducti on in the flowers.  Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship that exists between two species where one species (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other (host). A slight difference exist between mutualism and parasitism. Mutualism will only exist as long as benefits acquire by each species outweighs the cost. When the opposite holds,mutualism becomes parasitism. In many cases, were mutualism exists, one species benefits more than the other thus it is similar to parasitism.  Trillium grandiflorumis dispersed by insects.

Collapse of Communism in Poland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collapse of Communism in Poland - Essay Example During the 60’s the economic decline was due to the country’s extravagance on the expenditure for heavy industry, armaments and its little concern for the consumer production. Although the lands were returned to the peasants, the farms were too small for agriculture production. The autocracy of Gomulka was all too helpful to worsen the economic crises. What resulted was a presence of a communist government strong in its regime, yet too weak in generating any reform. Price rise of the consumer goods and wage decline of the workers especially in the 1970’s would always invite wide spread demonstrations across streets of all polish towns almost always resulting into bloodshed due to the staunch retaliation of the communist soldiers. The Gierek era between 1970 and 1980 was only a replication of the Gomulka’s policies with promises of reforms never fulfilled. The recession of the mid-70’s increased oil prices, uplifted the prices of imported goods and declined the demand of Polish goods. Poland’s foreign debt showed no respite. What resulted was a natural price-hike that invited wide spread national demonstration with special prominence in Dlock and Radom. When a polish national, Karol Wojtyła became the pope, John Paul IInd, and subsequently visited Poland, it only added to the spirit of nationhood and a desire to overthrow the communist regime in Poland. The years of 1980’s too saw the presence of non-stop labor strikes. The August of the year 1980, however is attributed as one of the greatest contributors of what was to be ultimately the abolition of communism. An independent trade union called ‘Solidarity’ was formed, led by Lech Walesa, primarily to amend the economic difficulties. But it became a reason to uphold the anti-communist social movement. Staggering numbers of people became affiliated to the union including people form Catholic Church, the anti-communist leftists and the intellects. Solidarity adopted

Sociological perspectives of family and household

Sociological perspectives of family and household Introduction For the purpose of the assignment title I aim to explain four sociological perspectives of the family and the household. I will also try and evaluate each perspective and give my own opinions of their views. I will then go onto explaining how childrens roles and the roles and relationships have changed within the family over time, and give a brief overview of how the family in todays society has changed through diversity and multi-cultural structures. Functionalism Functionalists view the family as a nuclear family structure, i.e. a mother, father and 1 or 2 children. Murdock surveyed 250 societies from the small hunting tribes to the large industrialised societies. He found that in every society there was some form of a nuclear family, he concluded from this study that the nuclear family was universal. Murdocks definition of a nuclear family is The nuclear family is a universal human social grouping. Either as the sole prevailing form of the family or as the basic unit from which more complex forms are compounded. It exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every known society, (Murdock cited in Haralambos, M. 1985. 326) Within the framework of the nuclear family, Murdock identified with four family functions which if were ignored, society would not exist. Sexual, Reproduction, Economic and Education were the four functions. Similar to Murdock, Tallcott Parsons another functionalist had his own views of what functions the nuclear family should contribute to society. He believed that there were two important roles within the family Expressive and Instrumental. The womens role was the Expressive role as she was the one who raised, nurtured and taught the children the norms and values within the home. The mans role was the Instrumental role because he went out to work to provide financial security for his family. Parsons also identified the family as being the primary agent of socialisation and came up with the warm bath theory primary socialisation (norms and values) and stabilisation of adult personalities (support and love for the adults within the family. Criticisms Functionalists view of the family is similar to a fairy tale, because they ignore the family dynamics and in some families the darker side i.e. abuse, neglect and violence through male domination. Marxism A Marxist perspective of the family saw the family as a means of production and cheap labour whereby they are influenced by capitalism in a capitalist society. Marxists identified three main functions which they saw as a way for the family to fulfil for capitalism. Inheritance of Property means that in order for property to be handed down to a legitimate heir, sexual relationships need to be restricted to one person, thus the offspring would be blood related. For this to happen, The monogamous nuclear family developed with the emergence of private property, in particular the private ownership of the forces of production, and the advent of the state, (cited in Haralambos, M. 1985. 340) The second function is the Ideological Functions which families need to fulfil by socialising children with the ideas that there will always be bosses and workers within a capitalist society. The last function looks at the Unit of Consumption whereby families work to produce goods, which are bought by the families to enable them to be fed and clothed, which bring greater profit for the capitalists. Criticisms Marxists ignore the different structures of families which are found in todays society and with this the different roles within the family. Feminism Feministic views of the family are split into 3 groups, similar to that of the key perspectives. Liberal feminists believe that both the male and the females have equal roles within the family when it comes to the household chores and childcare. Marxist feminists view the women as the producer of future workers and womens oppression stems from capitalism and not the family. Radical feminists view of the family structure is one of patriarchal and that men are seen as the enemy. This type of family within society is also seen by feminists as the key institution in its contribution to maintaining social control Criticisms All three branches of feminism view the nuclear family as the most dominant unit within society, as well as believing that all members of the family serve society, performing different functions. Post Modernist A post modernistic view of the family is at the opposite ends of the scale to functionalism. Post modernists believe that in most societies there are diverse and multi-cultural types of families where members within these units are free to make their own life choices as to how, what and where they live, work and socialise within society. Post modernists also believe that everyone is entitled to the same opportunities in education, healthcare and family support as in their view, there are no class divisions (working and ruling classes), in most societies. Zietlin et al summarises this view of the world, The post modern world is shaped by pluralism, democracy, religious freedom, consumerism, mobility and increasing access to news and entertainment, (Zietlin class handout 2009. 92) Criticisms Because of their views of equal opportunities and freedom of speech and choices they ignore the fact that some people can and do make wrong choices with regards to ignoring the norms and values which are passed down the generations which inevitably upsets the social control aspects in some societies. How the roles and relationships of the family have change over time. Sociologists view childhood as Social Construction because they are biologically distinct from adults, (Harris, M. 2008.44) For this reason I will explain the question in two parts. Children The role of the child within a pre-industrial family (pre 1750), was one of equal standing. As soon as the child could walk and talk they were taught the family trade and were expected to carry on the family tradition. After the industrial revolution came the emergence of the industrial family (1800-1900), when children as young as 6 or 7 were sent to work in factories and down coal mines to bring money into the family home, however this brought about higher mortality rates because children werent as strong as adults. The mortality rates went into decline when the modern industrial family emerged (1900-2000), this is because children were starting to be seen as children and not as cheap labour. Experiences of childhood began to emerge for the majority of children within families, however there are still some societies today that still send their children out to work, but this is now not the norm in todays world. Gender roles and relationships During the pre-industrial years both men and women worked together with other family members. However this all changed between 1750 and 1900 when women were expected to stay at home and be responsible for household chores, childcare and producing the future workforce. This type of family structure was very patriarchal the men had the power so they were the dominators in the family. However this started to change when the modern industrial family emerged between 1900 and 2000, as more women were given the opportunity to become educated, this led to more women in the workforce. This led the family to share the household chores and the childcare and sometimes swap roles within the family if the man became unemployed. Diversity of the contemporary family structure What is a family? This question has been raised by many sociologists and the majority of these have all had different opinion. However in answer to this question, a family can be the nuclear or extended type of family, which are 2 or 3 generations living under one roof. This type of family was more common pre-1750 when families worked with and supported each other, and which still does happen in some cultures and societies i.e. Asian families. Other types of family structures which are more common in Britain today are the one parent families, the step families, the divorced families and the gay and lesbian families who have children. Families today are extremely diverse and multi-cultural through social influences from the media, education and global improvements. Conclusion Throughout this assignment I have paid particular attention to the different views of Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism and Post Modernism. I have given an evaluation of each perspective and have briefly described the changes in roles, relationships and structures within families. I have concluded in my evaluation that my opinion of families and households is one that in todays society of choice, freedom, diversity and multi-cultural structures that post modernism is by far the best view and explanation of society today. BIBLIOGRAPHY Haralambos, M Heald, R. (1985) Sociology Themes and Perspectives, (2nd ed), London, Unwin Hyman Limited. Harris, S (2008) Sociology AS A2 Revision, (3rd ed) Essex, Pearson Education Limited. Ritzer, G (1996) Modern Sociological Theory, (4th ed) Singapore, McGraw-Hill Book Co. Taylor, P. et al (1995) Sociology in Focus, Bath, Bath Press Zietlin, M. et al (1995) Strengthening the Family Implications for International Development, Tokyo, United Nations University Press www.sociologyonline.co.uk www.sociology.org.uk

Education Background

Qian Zhang 151 Washington Ave. Apt. E, Rutherford, NJ, 07070 (660) 541-2361 [email  protected] com Objective To obtain the Assistant position. Education Background Bachelor of Science in Financial Management, Northwest Missouri State University, Maryville, MO * GPA: 3. 59, December 2010 Curriculum of Financial Management Finance—Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, Business Law I, Fundamental of Business Finance, Intermediate Finance Management, Financial Institutions, Investment Principles, Selected Cases in Finance * Accounting—Accounting I & II, Tax Accounting, Intermediate Accounting I, * Math—College Algebra, Calculus, Economic Mathematics, Statistics * Computer Science—Computer and Information Technology, MIS, * Management—Principles of Management, International Business, Managerial Communication, Operations Management, Human Resources Management, Organizational Behavior and Theory, Negotiation, Business Society, Organizational Policy and Decisi on-Making Awards and Scholarships * Northwest Transfer Scholarships every semester referred to GPA and campus activities * Edward Jones and Company Award Scholarship of Finance department * Society of International Ambassadors Scholarship Award * Nominee of the Outstanding Student of the First Student Organization and Leadership Award Work Experience Office Coordinator ~ Business/International and Intercultural Center, Maryville, MO August 2009 – December 2010 Improved the cooperation between university and international partners, assisted the supervisor on all kinds of projects and meetings * Provided support for partners and students by sending information and documents and communicating with international students, giving them advice and introducing regulations * Developed and updated webpage information for international partners, potential and current students * Scheduled, hosted and attended various visits, meetings and banquets * Worked with coworkers and other functio nal departments or work independently on the projects, and followed up on the progress and feedbacks of projects * Organized the hiring event, including filtering CVs and interviewing candidates, * Coordinated orientations, prepared training programs and trained new employees * Communicated with all international organizations time from time to make sure all activities are undergoing with regards to the bylaws of Northwest Missouri State University Accounting Assistant, Full Time Intern ~ eGTran Inc. , Camarillo, CA June 7 – July 30, 2010 * Prepared journal entries for accounting supervisor Keyed in data from forms, correspondence, reports, and other documents * Maintained accounts of internal departments and external agencies and did budgeting * Maintained and updated records of monthly and quarterly financial statements such as Balance Sheet, Cash Flow, Income Statement and Statement of Retained Earnings, prepared payroll * Worked with other departments to adjust all accoun ts timely and effectively * Did some other agendas as assigned by supervisor Translator~ Melvin D. and Valorie G. Booth College, Maryville, MO September- December 2009 * Translated English documents and class categories into Chinese * Volunteer as a translator of the communication activity between USDA and Ministry of Health P. R. China Office Assistant ~Business/ Intercultural and International Center, Maryville, MO June – August 2009 Received, answered phone calls and scheduled appointments * Assisted other staff and other departments on various projects and assignments, provided supports with office machines, such as fax machine, scanner, copy machines * Promoted to be the Office Coordinator Leadership Activities and Volunteer Experience * Leader of Student Orientation – Assisted and guided new students * Leader of Junior Achievement – Hosted business classes and organized related activities * Secretary of International Student Organization—Held annual banquet and organized various activities to help international students communicate with American communities * Member of Delta Mu Delta, International Honor Society in Business Administration * Member of Financial Management Association * Member of Asian Student Association * Currently studying CFA contents Skills Language—Native in Mandarin (Chinese Proficiency Certificate holder), Fluent in English (both written and spoken), Basic in Japanese * Computer—Microsoft Office Suite Interests * Reading—Learn various knowledge from books * Sport—Exercise to make body strong * Fine Arts—Is fond of Chinese calligraphy * Travelling—Experience diverse cultures and adapt myself with different environments References * Dr. Chi Lo Lim, Chairman of Marketing and Management Department, Northwest Missouri State University 660-562-1758 * Dr. Jeffrey Foot, Director of International and Intercultural Center, Northwest Missouri State University 660-562-1367 * Caroline Merker, Controller of eGTran Inc. , 805-482-1088

Operation fly trap

However, all of this wouldn't be possible without the help she received from the Harry Guggenheim Foundation award. That grant helped her begin her fieldwork in 2005. Her fieldwork was conducted in the Pueblos neighborhood in Los Angles, this is where she got inside information from the gang members themselves. She also studied from the Los Angles Police Department (LARD), here she befriended a couple of FBI agents that were in charge of Operation Fly Trap. All of this fieldwork paved her way In writing a very objective book.She received individually received both sides of the Issue and wrote this book to give her point of view on the subject. In her Ellwood she would study the effects of the justice department and the consequence it has on the community and family of the criminals involved. The time she spent on the inside, with the people of the gangs and the lives they lead, would lead Phillips to question both the success of this operation and the methods used to conduct it (Phil lips 175).Los Angles was struck with dramatic economical times, the economy was unraveling In every way possible. The economy was hurt by the 011 crisis, depreciating international dollar, dwindle of union jobs, bifurcation of the manufacturing sector, ND an unchanging education system (Phillips 7). All of these factors would be reasons of why a good working class citizen would turn to dealing drugs, being a member of a gang, and/or using drugs. Drug money was â€Å"easy money† as one would say.You could make stacks of money fast, with little effort most of the time. The hard part was not getting caught. With the Increase In drug activity happening In Los Angles was the same Increase In prison sentences. It got so bad that Incarceration became Californians number one industry. It would grow to employ the largest umber of people in the state (Phillips). One of the other important factors that have to do with the increase in incarcerations was the fact that the state of Califor nia waged a war on drugs.The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) went from housing 21 ,539 Inmates In 1978 to 217,444 in 2011, making drug offenders 55% of the BOP population (Phillips 8). Although part of this prison rate Is In fact due to the aggressive policing and harsh sentencing the criminals were given. This made Phillips think and wonder if all of this was part of the solution or Just part of the problem. From her extensive field work she goes on to say that the way the LAP approached the drug problem was in fact producing one of the problems they were trying so hard to prevent. Here she needed to take the next step, on the inside. She began this step by living in the neighborhood of Pueblos, which was run by the African American and Hispanic race. She luckily befriended a local named Ben Kaplan and lived there with his family. From there she was able to get a first hand view point the ever so popular drug environment. She was also able to see different sides of the spectrum lik e how he environment affected the families and communities alike. How the laws and actions of the police affected them as well.There use of surveillance, through wiretaps and confidential informants, having a negative impact on the lives of the community. She figures out how the families are shaped through this involvement in crime. Phillips research in all of this goes to prove how unbiased her book really is, she practiced true reflexivity. All of her facts are hard facts that she went and lived first hand. She witnessed drug deals, witnessed people snorting cocaine, and dinettes the wiretaps that were given to drug dealers.All of this information she writes from is purely unbiased facts, writing from an etc perspective, her way of co- existing with the people, sitting back and observing them, was how she approached her story. Phillips goes on to write about how the incarceration of a family member affects the family as a whole. Unintended consequences include threaten or actual e viction, the involvement of child social services, desalination of families, depression in children, and high mortality rates among already vulnerable people (Phillips 20).Arresting a drug dealer for â€Å"slinging† coke may seem like a win for the police but in all reality it causes a snowball effect on the rest of the family that will have to deal with. Phillips findings go on to say how the police work unintentionally tears apart the family functionalism. The only way to prevent crime is to have a strong united family. Operation Fly Trap was the combined effort of the LAP that removed twenty-eight key members of the local, gang-related drug trade. They did a great Job in reducing drug related crimes, however did very little in the gang related activity.Where the police succeed in incarceration rates, they fail in the goal to build a strong community. Phillips lasting conclusion in this ethnography is that incarceration can lead to increased poverty rates, negative health o utcomes, rises in violence, and instability among already vulnerable families. Lastly the importance of manufacturing gangs as iconic, newly federalism villains (Phillips 21). Phillips, Susan A. Operation Fly Trap: L. A. Gangs, Drugs, and the Law. N. P. : n. P. , n. D. Print. â€Å"Susan A. Phillips. † Susan A Phillips. N. P. , n. D. Web. 26 cot. 2013..

The Economy And The Work Of Adam Smith - 895 Words

This week was focused on the economy and the work of Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations. I view Smith as the primary founder of the American capitalist economic system we know today. I really like how Smith uses ample examples in order to illustrate the importance and benefits of the division of labor (such as the pin manufacturer example). When reading about Adam Smith’s thoughts of the division of labor, I automatically thought of the beginning of the assembly line and its use in the production of different consumer goods, such as automobiles. The division of labor and production of different parts by different people, especially in the Ford automobile factory, allowed for higher efficiency and output and therefore the growth of the industry. Before reading Chapter 1 of Wealth of Nations, I never understood why food products are relatively the same price in different nations in different stages of development, while manufactured goods cost less in developed countries. Now I understand that the division of labor cannot successfully occur in every profession (like farming, for example), and that is the reason why common food products are relatively the same price in all places that have an agriculture industry. I also like how Smith wrote in Chapter 10 that if every man could pick his occupation, there would be no advantageous job. Everyone would understand the wages that they would be paid in the occupation they choose. Additionally, Smith believed that the duties ofShow MoreRelatedThe Invisible Hand By Adam Smith923 Words   |  4 Pagesperson. Obvious that is Adam Smith. Even though, after ten years or thousand years the economists will recall Adam Smith. Moreover, if you visit United Kingdom you can recognize Adam Smith face in the 50 and 20 pounds. ‘Man is an animal that makes bargains†- Adam Smith (Brainy Quote, (n.d)). 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