Shimla dairy products free essay sample

Shimla dairy items was a multi year old privately-run company transformed into restricted organization, which fabricates a wide assortment of cheddar and different items (counting ghee, spread and prepared cheddar). It makes and sells around 29 assortments of cheddar. The organization at present has two plants with an all out limit of 10000 liters of milk handling. Shimla dairy had been encountering a development of 15-20% in deals per annum rather than 7-8% development for the other cheddar producing organizations in the market. Authorized by the legislature as a food producer, Shimla is moving in the direction of being ISO 9002 certify and ensured with HACCP. Shimla sold its cheddar in significant Indian urban areas of New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi, Bangalore and Hyderabad. It had as of late stretched out its tasks to the urban areas of Ahmedabad, Kolkata and Goa. The significant client for Shimla is the lodging business (Five-star and the mid-low end) which contributes for about 46% of its income. Others incorporate cafés (20%), Retailers (17%) and Pizza chains (17%). We will compose a custom exposition test on Shimla dairy items or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It additionally produces deals through merchants , with a couple of wholesalers in every city. These wholesalers had elite rights for the city and provided to inns, eateries and retail outlets. Shimla dairy has achieved scarcely any operational changes, such as acquainting a night move with guarantee higher caliber of milk. Likewise, the testing for microscopic organisms, yeast and molds has been improved. Contrasted with its rivals Shimla dairy has an exceptionally low plant limit and this has lead to the loss of hardly any agreements by the organization. Inspite of all these, Shimla had been confronting a couple of issues and is watching out on approaches to improve its deals. Barely any inquiries, which they are thinking about are would it be a good idea for it to investigate a specific specialty (high or low end cheddar)? , which zone to focus on? How to showcase its items better? Should the creation offices be extended? How to make more brand mindfulness? To break down the company’s position better , the qualities and shortcomings of Shimla dairy are investigated . Quality and Weakness investigation (Shimla Dairy): Strengths: * High quality item/s * High deals improvement * High development in deals (15-20%) * Wide assortment of items * Huge accentuation given on the nature of the item Weaknesses: Limited preparing limit when contrasted with contenders. Area of the handling plant at a high elevation makes transportation costlier. * Direct deals just to scarcely any stores and bread shops * Distributors had the elite rights for those specific city deals. * Heavy dependence on banks for working capital * Zero percent income was utilized for promoting reason. * Too numerous assortments , considering the plant limit * Product review because of imperfection away conditions or issue in travel, which added an extra expense to the organization. Outer Environment Analysis: Cheese Industry in INDIA Up to this point cheddar advertise in India was in outset however was presently ready into a development stage. 10 years prior cheddar was a genuinely new item to Indian market. In any case, with around 1. 2 billion youthful, developing populace and the developing want for western style nourishments and expanding infiltration into the Indian market, Cheese has developed quickly in India. The marked cheddar showcase was assessed to be 9000 tons for every annum esteemed at 1. 8 billion. Moreover, Indian dairy part is relied upon to significantly increase its creation in the following 10 years. The expansion is relied upon to reflect in the cheddar business as well. Additionally, India is the least cost maker of milk on the planet. The market scene in India demonstrates it to be good for remote interest in the part. Cheddar industry in India isn't profoundly directed. Anyway Government was relied upon to achieve a strategy that non guaranteed cheddar will not be sold. Cheddar was basically devoured in urban zones. Rivalry : The opposition in cheddar industry, particularly the low end cheddar is furious. Numerous universal brands entered the market. Furthermore there are numerous new contestants into the market like Amul, Britannia, Vadilal, Verka, Nandini, Dynamix and so on. The passage of the new players and expanded showcasing movement was required to extend the market. Fully expecting development, a large portion of the significant players were growing their creation capacities. These organizations presented tuff rivalry to Shimla Dairy. To comprehend the economic situation better, after is the chances and danger examination. Opportunity and Threat examination: Opportunity: * Focus on South Indian eatery fragment as utilization is higher contrasted with North. * Can investigate the pizza chains fragment Increase the handling limit, henceforth pulling in progressively huge scope clients * Milk, which is the significant crude material, is accessible at most minimal cost. Expanding consciousness of cheddar and its assortments * Increasing readiness of individuals to investigate new western-style taste * More and more assortments of cheddar being presented. Dangers: * The milk yield per bovine is on the diminishing side * Fierce rivalry, subsequently constraining the overall revenues * No guideline by the administration in this way generating new participants in low end cheddar territory. * Lack of hotspots for assets to expand the creation limit.

The Marginal Population Of Mumbai Health And Social Care Essay

The paper attempts to give an infiltration about the rejection of the unseeable populace in Mumbai by an impossible to miss health system executed in the territory of Maharashtra. The paper other than features a portion of the issues looked by this impossible to miss bunch from the experience of the field as a student cultural specialist The main proclamation of this paper is the utilization of explicit gauges in setting donees for the system which is as of now begging to be proven wrong and has been challenged by numerous scholarly people in India consequently with the exception of justifying donees which is past the reason an open help province.Introductionâ€Å" Welfare area is a build of experts where the territory plays a cardinal capacity in the assurance and exposure of the monetary and cultural prosperity of its residents. It depends on the guidelines of fairness of possibility, only circulation of riches, and open obligation for those incapable to profit themselves of the b ase commissariats for a decent life † ( Beginnings: hypertext move convention:/www.britannica.com ) . â€Å" The Encyclopedia of Social Sciences depicts an open help area as a region which takes up the obligation to gracefully an insignificant standard of means to its residents. Along these lines, in an open help region, the removal goes into financial, political, cultural and instructive existence of people. What's more, it offers types of assistance to people, directly from a man ‘s birth to expire † ( Social Welfare Administration: Concept, Nature and Scope, moodle.tiss.edu ) . In an open help region, the area takes the obligation to work the matured, sick, vagrants, widows, vulnerable, abused and the impaired individuals at whatever point they are popular of administrations. As an open help region the territory executes grouped open help methodologies for the residents at huge. The open help region commonly incorporates stipulation of wellbeing administrations , essential guidance, and housing ( in certain cases requiring little to no effort or for nothing out of pocket ) and so forth for the people at large. At the point when we talk about an open help region, the arrangements are comprehensive of Torahs, order, and arranging in the Fieldss of business, income improvement, cultural protection and cultural guide and populace strategy and so on. The cutting edge use of the term open help area is combined with the wide-running strides of cultural protection received in 1948 by Britain on the balance of the investigation on Social Insurance and Allied ServicesA ( 1942 ) . In the twentieth century, as the previous develop of the latent individualistic region was consistently relinquished, pretty much all areas ( in the western states ) tried to flexibly probably a portion of the means of cultural protection related with the principles of open help territory. In this way, in the United States thought of theA † New Deal † An of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and theA † Fair Deal † An of President Harry S. Truman, and a major segment of the residential plans of ulterior presidents depended on the guidelines of the open help region ( Beginnings: hypertext move convention:/www.britannica.com ) . During the clasp of British guideline in India, from the mid nineteenth century till India ‘s independency, the government assistance political circle of India has seen the arrangement of an extraordinary exchange of cultural movements, established from discernable, and forcefully isolated cultural classes like the actors and, along these lines on, otherworldly networks of that cut who angrily restricted the dynamic bullying area of cultural individual businesss ( Aspalter 2003 ) . In spite of the fact that it was too much ahead of schedule to accept about cultural security programs and other important cultural approach ventures, during the British guideline in India, the Government established a progression of cultural arrangement rule law which concentrated essentially on the lessening of cultural diswelfare rather than the build of new signifiers of open help plans and statutes ( Aspalter 2003 ) . During that cut Social rule law, focused on the stoping of unsafe cultural exa mples and cultural imbalances, designs like child marriage, impediment on widow rhenium marriage, cast based bias and so on. By introducing the primary cultural security rule law of present day India, Workmen ‘s Compensation Act 1923 the Indian cultural security framework made the first of import measure in method of a prominent open help framework. The demonstration has stipulation for pay for mishaps taking to perish, or whole or halfway incapacity for more than three yearss, if the mishap happened in the class of business, remuneration for word related malady and so forth ( Chowdhry 1985, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp. 156-157 ) . The period following the divider, the Indian specialists passed a progression of new Torahs regarding work and cultural open help, even before the activity of the new major law in 1950 ( Goel and Jain 1988, Cited in Aspalter 2003, pp 169-160 ) . After 1950, the Indian specialists of India embraced numerous endeavors in the field of cultural security ( Aspalter 2003 ) , â€Å" Over the mature ages the specialists built up, in add-on, ailment protection, an annuity program, pregnancy benefits, specific disablement benefits, hospital leave, an efficiency connected fillip technique, arranged declines of housing, power, and H2O rates, a store connected protection procedure ( which capacities like a disaster protection ) , and passing cum-retirement tip for Cardinal Government representatives. Representatives of open segment ventures and other autonomous associations may pick up from Employees State Insurance, Employees Family Pension Scheme, dwelling benefits, specific cultural guide methodologies for impeded people, widows, subordinate children, and so forth † ( Aspalter 2003 ) . Till now India has seen arranged procedures, approaches, mandates and resolution laws and so on focused on the open help of its residents, the solitary request remains is that how the territory has had the option to transform this strategies into world, comprehensive of all residents of the state especially the minimal ‘s. The ulterior segment of this paper will try to basically observe a wellbeing procedure propelled in the State of Maharashtra implied of the more unfortunate development of the general public which targets providing free health systems to BPL family units. It will be primarily founded on unrecorded experience from the Fieldss as a student Social Worker.Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana ( RGJAY )The Maharashtra specialists propelled the Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayi Arogya Yojana on eighteenth December 2011 with the reason to empower family units with one-year salary of not as much as Rs. 1 million rupees to profit free clinical establishments meriting Rs. 1.5 m illion. The Maharashtra region Health Minister Suresh Shetty declared that said procedure, when to the full executed, would benefit near 2.5 billion family units ( The Hindu, 19 Dec. 2011 ) . The technique will be executed all through the region of Maharashtra in staged mode for a time of 3 mature ages. The system covers an eight area of the territory rock dirt now ( Gadchiroli, Amravati, Nanded, Sholapur, Dhule, Raigad, Mumbai and Suburbs ) . The methodology is planned for bettering clinical dish establishment for both BPL and APL family units which will in twist upgrade the nature of clinical consideration regarding BPL and APL families. The donees will each obtain a wellbeing protection approach and the EMIs of which will be paid by the State specialists. The system will broaden quality clinical consideration for distinguished strong point administrations, requiring hospitalization for medical procedures and treatments or crowds, through a recognized snare of health consideration providers. The Scheme will gracefully inclusion for run intoing all disbursals partner to hospitalization of the recipient up to Rs. 1, 50,000/ - per family unit per twelvemonth in any of the Empanelled Hospital subject to Box Ratess on cashless balance through Health cards or legitimate Orange/Yellow Ration Card. The advantage will be accessible to every single individual from the family unit on floater balance for example the whole one-year i nclusion of 1.5 million rupees can be benefited by one individual or together by all individuals from the family unit. The Scheme will take care of the full expense of mediation of the patient from day of the long stretch of portraying to his release from hospital including confusions assuming any, doing the managing really cashless to the patient. If there should be an occurrence of perish, the traveler vehicle of dead natural structure from web clinic to the town/township would other than be bit of group. The Network Hospitals will other than flexibly free follow-up crowd, nosologies, and clinical fortes under the technique up to 10 yearss from the day of the period of release. A When the recipient visits the chose web hospital and administrations of chose web clinic, blending to the procedure will be made accessible ( Capable to handiness of beds ) . In the event of non-handiness of beds at web hospital, the establishment of cross referral to closest another Network clinic is to be made accessible and Arogyamitra ( the staff covering with the said technique in a web clinic ) will other than flexibly the donee with the rundown of close by web hospitals. Every qualified family unit in the upheld domains will be given Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayee Arogya Yojana Health Cards however this has non actualized entirely till now. For the clasp being till the issue of wellbeing cards, the substantial Orange/Yellow Ration Card with Aadhaar figure or, any Photo ID card of recipient ( if Aadhaar figure is non accessible ) given by Government departments ( Driving License, Election ID, ) to connect the patient name and presentation is acknowledged in stead of health card to profit the advantages by a donee. The Health Cards to be given will be utilized for the expectation of putting recipient families in the family under the said Scheme. The Family Health Cards will be given by utilizi

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success

2 Easy Ways to Coach Yourself into Happiness and Success A lot of people nowadays are hiring life coaches to provide them with accountability and structure in creating a fulfilling life. It’s easy to get complacent, and we are often not our own best coaches. But not everyone can afford a life coach, and even those who can might get coaching for a year then go back to being “self-coached.” In this month’s Success Magazine, an inspiring article about self-coaching (Be Your Own Life Coach) offered two exercises that will help you coach yourselfâ€"if you put them into action, of course. Both options were suggested by coach Marshall Goldsmith, Ph.D. Option #1: Did I do my best to… Here’s the first exercise: Ask yourself each day: Did I do my best to… Set clear goals? Make progress toward goal achievement? Be happy? Find meaning? Build positive relationships? Be fully engaged? When I read this list, I liked it so much that I put it on my calendar to complete at 9pm every night. I am on day 3 and grateful for the ritual! I have shared the exercise with friends as well, and they have enjoyed going through the list for themselves at the end of a day. I encourage you to join me and try answering these questions every day for two weeks. At the end of those two weeks, ask yourself in how many areas you are seeing improvement. I’d love to hear a report! Option #2: Daily Question Process With this exercise, your first project is to come up with 20 to 30 questions relating to your goals and who you want to be. The questions must have either yes/no or number answers. Keep them short and easily answered. And spin them toward the positive! For instance, “How much do I weigh?” “How many minutes did I meditate today?” “Did I treat my employees well?” “Did I make time to spend with my family?” (You would not write questions like, “Did I eat too much today?” “Was I stressed out?” Notice how much your energy dropped just reading those questions!) Put your positively-framed questions in the first column of a spreadsheet, then write the days of the week in the next 6 columns. Although not specified in the description offered, I would put a final column for a rating of your quality of life for the week, with a scale from 1 to 10 (I can’t bring myself to suggest a 0 as another person suggested in describing a self-coaching journal!) Once you create your spreadsheet for the week, you will have a scorecard that will reveal, over time, what activities lead you toward fulfillment and the life you want. Of course you can change your questions over time as you meet certain goals and have others change. Here’s the rub… If you were hoping there would be a self-coaching technique that would not require your thinking or writing about something every day, I’m afraid you’re out of luck. As much as I wish I could have a single thought and change my life, I must accept that it’s daily check-ins and accountability that truly create change. Since human beings are notoriously unaccountable to ourselves, I suggest putting a system into place and having someone to whom you report on your daily self-coaching activities. I put my “Did I do my best to…” exercise on my calendar, and I have a friend I talk to at least once/week about how I’m doing. Consider creating a dinner-time ritual with your family to discuss how you’re doing, or even a check-in at the office! You can create a life-coaching group for yourself! There are many possibilities of how to stay honest as you take on self-coaching. What are your ideas of how to do this? Will you take on one of the exercises offered here? Please share below!

The Birth Of Modernism And Modern Art - 1157 Words

Ha Lim (Sally) Lee Term 3 / Fall 15’ Intro to Modernism Daniel Spaulding Paper #2 â€Å"Modern painting, breaking through old conversation, has released countless suggestions which are still waiting to be used by the practical world.†(Gropius) The birth of modernism and modern art goes back to the Industrial Revolution, a period that lasted from the 18th to the 19th century, in which rapid changes in manufacturing, transportation, and technology profoundly affected the social, economic, and cultural conditions of life in Western Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Before the 19th century, artists created art pieces for wealthy people and institution places like the church where they can create art works about storytelling of religious or mythological scenes . These arts were there to instruct the viewers.However, this changed when during the 19th century many artists began to create works that were about people, places, or ideas that interested them, and of which they had direct experience. With the popularization of the idea of a subconscious mind, many artists began exploring dreams, symbolism, and personal iconography as avenues for the depiction of their subjective experiences.Challenging the notion that art must realistically depict the world, some artists experimented with the expressive use of color, non-traditional materials, and new techniques and mediums. The Bauhaus was created by Walter Gropius in the city of Weimar. He was a German architectShow MoreRelatedPostmodernism : What Is Post Modernism?1389 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Post-Modernism? 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Utalitarian Principle in Charles Dickens Hard Times

INTRODUCTION Utilitarianism is the assumption that human beings act in a way that highlights their own self interest. It is based on factuality and leaves little room for imagination. Utilitarianism dominated as the form of government in Englands Victorian age of eighteenth century. Utilitarianism, as rightly claimed by Dickens, robbed the people of their individuality and joy; deprived the children of their special period of their lives, Childhood and deprived women of their inherent right of equality. The theme of utilitarianism, along with industrialization and education is explored by Charles Dickens, in his novel Hard Times.. Hard Times written in those times intended to explore its negativisms. Utilitarianism as a government was†¦show more content†¦One has to wonder how different the story would be if Gradgrind did not run the school. How can you give a utilitarian man such as Gradgrind such power over a town? I do like how Dickens structures the book to make one ask obvious quest ions such as these. Dickens does not tell us much about the success of the other students of the school besides Bitzer, who is fairly successful on paper, but does not have the capacity as a person to deal with life’s everyday struggles. Gradgrinds two oldest children, Tom and Louisa, are examples of how this utilitarian method failed miserably. These children were never given the opportunity to think for themselves, experience fun things in life, or even use their imaginations. True, they are smart people in the factual sense but do not have the street smarts to survive. Tom is a young man who, so fed up with his father’s strictness and repetition, revolts against him and leaves home to work in Mr. Bounderby’s bank. Tom, now out from under his fathers wing, he begins to drink and gamble heavily. Eventually, to get out of a deep gambling debt, he robs a bank and is forced to flee the area. When Bitzer realizes that Tom has robbed the bank and catches him, Mr. Gr adgrind begs him to let Tom go, reminding him of all of the hard work that was put on him while at the school. Ironically Bitzer,

Michael Jackson Biography Free Essays

Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson was born on 29 August 1958 in Gary, Indiana, USA. His father was Joe Jackson. His mother was Katherine Jackson. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Jackson Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now His siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael, Rebbie, La Toya, Randy, and Janet Jackson. American superstar Michael Jackson has entertained audiences his entire life. In the early 1960s, the older boys Jackie, Tito and Jermaine had begun performing around the city; by 1964, Michael and Marlon had joined in. Michael’s singing and dancing talents were amazingly mature, and he soon became the dominant voice and focus of The Jackson 5. In 1969, the boys were producing back-to-back chart-busting hits as Motown artists (â€Å"I Want You Back,† â€Å"ABC,† â€Å"Never Can Say Goodbye,† â€Å"Got to Be There,† etc. ). Behind the scenes, Joseph Jackson pushed his sons to succeed. He was also reportedly known to become violent with them. Michael and his brothers spent endless hours rehearsing and polishing up their act. At first, the Jackson 5 played local gigs and built a strong following. They recorded one single on their own, â€Å"Big Boy† with the B-side â€Å"You’ve Changed,† but it failed to generate much interest. The Jackson 5 moved on to working an opening act for such R artists as Gladys Knight and the Pips, James Brown, and Sam and Dave. Many of these performers were signed to the legendary Motown record label, and it has been reported that Gladys Knight may have been the one to tell Motown founder Berry Gordy about the Jackson 5. Impressed by the group, Gordy signed them to his label in 1968. At the age of 13, Jackson launched a solo career in addition to his work with the Jackson 5. He made the charts in 1971 with â€Å"Got to Be There† from the album of the same name. His 1972 album, Ben, featured the eponymous ballad about a rat. The song became Jackson’s first solo No. 1 single. In August 1994, Jackson announced that he had married Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of rock icon Elvis Presley. The couple gave a joint television interview with Diane Sawyer, but the union proved to be short-lived. They divorced in 1996. Some thought that the marriage was a publicity ploy to restore Jackson’s image after the molestation allegations. Later that same year, Jackson wed Nurse Debbie Rowe. The couple had two children through artificial insemination. Son Prince Michael Jackson was born in 1997 and daughter Paris Michael Jackson was born in 1998. Rowe and Jackson divorced in 1999 with Jackson receiving full custody of their two children. He would go on to have a third child, Prince Michael Jackson II, with an unknown surrogate. In 2002, Jackson made headlines when he seemed confused and disoriented on stage at an MTV awards show. Soon after, he received enormous criticism for dangling his son, Prince Michael II, over a balcony while greeting fans in Berlin, Germany. In a later interview, Jackson explained that â€Å"We were waiting for thousands of fans down below, and they were chanting they wanted to see my child, so I was kind enough to let them see. I was doing something out of innocence. † But many were unforgiving of the star’s behaviour, with former fans and media outlets clamouring to have Child Protective Services take Jackson’s children from him. That is some information of the big list of accomplishments of Michael Jackson. By Doron Cassell How to cite Michael Jackson Biography, Papers

Products Differentiation and Wage Rates

Question: Discuss about the Products Differentiation and Wage Rates. Answer: Introduction There are four types of markets structure. It is important for the investor to understand each and every of these structures before making investment decisions. The four structures include; competitive market, monopolistic markets, oligopoly markets and the monopoly. While in some like the competitive markets, the influence on prices is limited, in others, the investor has complete control over the prices. Bain (1962) in his discussion on the barriers to entry noted three major categories (ignoring the legal exclusions). These categories were; the advantages of economies of scale, advantages of product differentiation and the advantages of absolute costs. Product differentiation is a term used to refer to a situation where a product is same as the other, but it has been enhanced to make customers perceive it as different from the other. The products are however not perfect substitutes. Waterson noted that product differentiation is an economic distance between products. Differentiate d products are perceived as unique and therefore are able to fetch higher prices in the market than in the initial form. Wage rate is in the real sense supposed to be determined by the demand and supply forces. However, in order to solve some other economic issues such as poverty eradication, political forces from the government are exerted on the wage rates. For instance, in order to alleviate poverty, the government sets a wage floor below which any employer should not compensate their employees. Product Differentiation and Market Structures The field competition for brands is more crowded than ever. It becomes difficult for consumers to make a decision on what products to buy when they are faced with too many product choices. They become overwhelmed and ends up walking away. This poses the rationale for the need of investors to introduce new ways to make their products stand out by making them unique. Customers perceive a unique product to be of a greater value. The primary goal of all investors in the market is to make significant profits by maximizing their products or service sales. Product differentiation answers the question; why should the consumers by what am selling and not buy from my competitors? Customers need a clear image of what a business is offering and its comparison with what the competitors are offering. Products that are not clearly defined poses some confusion to the customers and puts them off. If an investor goal of maximizing his wealth is to be achieved, a once-off expenditure on product differentiation is a necessary condition. If the differentiated products appeal to the target market, your brand gains a competitive advantage over all other closely related brands. In most cases especially in the competitive markets, the sellers compete in terms of the price of goods and services they offer. Thus, in a competitive market where the sellers are many, and the products are the same, product differentiation may have very little or no value. Welker (2016) noted that this strategy of product differentiation is only applicable and profitable to the markets with imperfect competition. In our case here, we are considering the application of non-price competition. This is as observed in the oligopoly markets, where the products produced are homogeneous. George, Joll, and Lynk (1992) noted that oligopolistic markets could compete by varying their products characteristics rather than altering their prices. It is, therefore, an important sales strategy. In an oligopolistic market, firms make decisions on the quality of the goods to be produced but is also faced with a challenge of competing firms providing a wide range of products that may limit its profit. However, successful migration to differentiated products induces a barrier to entry for new firms that may not be having the huge capital necessary to produce the differentiated products. It therefore raise the profits of the incumbent firm. It is also important for monopoly firms to keep new entrants completely out of the market. Barriers to entry places the industry in four general areas. First, is the blockaded entry, which allows the established firms to price at very high prices (monopoly prices) without allowing inducing new entrants into the market. Second, is the easy entry, which doesnt allow firms to raise their prices even slightly as new entrants will join the market. Third, is the ineffectively impeded entry, where profits is lower when firm operates at a price that doesnt induce entry; entry should be allowed if the firms were to maximize short term profits. Lastly, its the effectively impeded entry, where it is more profitable to operate at a price that doesnt prompt entry than when entry is induced by maximizing short run profits. The cost of production is bound to increase when firms are improving the quality of their products. The increase could either be on the fixed or the variable cost depending on the strategy taken for the improvement. If research and development is the picked strategy for improvement, its the fixed cost that will increase. However, if the improvement depends on highly priced raw materials, its the variable costs that will be raised. It is in the former group where natural oligopoly belongs where the increase in variable costs is slow with the product improvement. Product differentiation allows for the direct association of products with their manufacturer by the consumers; a strategy that benefits both the producers and the consumers. The major benefits to the producers is that it builds up goodwill and brand loyalty among its consumers. Consumers benefit in that the producing firm has to protect its reputation and maintain the improved quality products. The advantages of product differentiation include; the establishment of brands, company gaining some reputation, superior product design control, and favored distribution control Bain (1956). Wage Differentials The BLS Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey defines wage as a straight-time gross pay. This includes any other incentive pay such as production bonuses, commissions and tips. The only pay not included in wage determination is premium pays and some other bonuses, for instance, profit-sharing payments. The variation in workers pay is shown by the percentile wages. Fig: Illustration of Percentile Wages and Wage Difference Source: https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2015/article/wage-differences.htm As shown in the illustration above, at the 10th percentile point, 10 % of the workers made less than $ 35,250, while 90 % made more than this. The median percentile is the point where half of the workers earned below $75,620, whereas the other half earned more than that. At the 90th percentile, 90 % of the workers earned below $ 141,210, whereas 10 % earned more than that. The wage difference is the difference between the low earners and the high earners. Torper noted that jobs are different from each other and that the skills brought to a job, and the abilities of the workers are unique. In the same occupation, these variations are responsible for the pay variations. The wage difference becomes bigger as these variations become more pronounced. The wage paid to workers in the same industry varies greatly. This is because their ability to work and their working effort varies. Some of the workers have spent many years in training institutions earning the skills they hold today. Most employers request for credentials before they offer someone a job opportunity. Those who lacks the credentials are considered fit for such a position. However, some job vacancies in many firms require people with fewer skills and are able to provide hard labor. Although these are the people who do the biggest proportion of the production activities, they receive the lowest wage rates. Wage differential also exists across occupations because of the supply and demand forces. In economies where the education level for its citizens is low, it means that the highest population wont be able to perform skilled tasks. Therefore, these people seek to be employed in the same areas. This raises their supply for labor, consequently enabling their employers to lower the wage rate. Experience is a major factor in wage differences. Workers who have been in the job for long are considered to have gained more experience and are thus more productive than the beginners. Beginners, therefore, earn less as compared to these experienced workers. Occupational wages vary by employer and industry. The reason why wages differ from one employment to the other is the training requirements, clientele, and diverse working conditions, among other reasons. Similar position descriptions are present in specific occupations. In every business, there ranks in the business operations. The heads of each business operation will earn more than those under his/her command. Also, workers could be holding similar positions, but the job assigned to them is different. Those in more complex jobs earn more. Geographical location also contributes to wage differential. Job occupation in some areas pays well than similar jobs in other areas. For instance, jobs in urban areas pays well than in the rural areas. There exist extreme competition for job occupations. Its only those who succeed and performs better earns more. This is especially when the pay is performance based. The type of institution also matters. For instance, teachers in private schools are said to earn more compared to those in public schools. Most human occupations are industrial specific. Industry specific experience does not attract wage gains (Sullivan, 2008). Occupational specific occupations attract a percentage increase in wages after the experience is gain within some given years. The major challenge facing the explanation of wage rate differential is that of categorizing the human capital skills accumulation process. Sullivan noted that skills are either transferable across all jobs or are firm specific, but not industry or occupation specific, arguing that its the overall labor market experience and employer tenure that determine wages. Kambourov and Manovskii (2007) posed a recent challenge by arguing that its the occupation tenure responsible for wage differential; controlling it leaves the firm and industry tenure with less effect. The empirical result of Sullivan estimation of the wage equation using instrumental variable approach tends to approve of the findings by Kambourov and Manovskii. According to Sunday and Pfuntner (2008), the other challenge in the explanation of wage differentials is that the conduciveness of data sources to studies within establishments is generally low. The unavailability of individual wage records to researchers makes it difficult for individual wage rates examination within occupations, establishments. The most important area where most economists rely on in the determination of wage differentials is the forces of supply and demand. However, this is contradicted with the presence of government intervention. Fig: Minimum Wage Legislation Implementation of a minimum wage legislation above the equilibrium prices benefits the low-income earners. This does, however, have an influence on the demand for labor. Employers willingness to employ is reduced with a minimum wage being set above equilibrium. Therefore, it can be noted that minimum wage distorts the functioning of the supply and demand forces. Conclusion Most consumers always consider a differentiated product to be more desirable. The increase in their desirability perception raises their demand for that product. Hence the business makes huge sales resulting in greater profits. Improvement on a product requires capital investment. Therefore, considering the potential benefits that would accrue from product differentiation, a once off expenditure is necessary as it will maximize the firms future profits. From all the information cited from various economists, it can be concluded that product differentiation is not profitable in any market structure. Its profitability is felt in the imperfectly competitive markets. Competitive markets thus have no need to implement this strategy. Wage differentials exist across and within occupations. In every occupation, there exist a great wage difference between its top and bottom earners. In order to carry out an effective comparison of the wage differentials, only the employed persons should be considered, since the wages of the self-employed vary greatly. In some occupations, human capital is primarily occupational specific while in others it is industry specific. Bibliography Aha.io. (2016). What is product differentiation? | Aha! [Online] Available at: https://www.aha.io/roadmapping/guide/product-strategy/what-is-product-differentiation [Accessed 26 Aug. 2016]. Dean, T. (2016). New Venture Formations in United States Manufacturing. 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